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Du Fu

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">In this <a href="Chinese_name" title="Chinese name">Chinese name</a>, the <a href="Chinese_surname" title="Chinese surname">family name</a> is <a href="Du_(surname)" title="Du (surname)">Du (Tu)</a>.</div>

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</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div style="display:inline;" class="fn">Du Fu</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:1.4em;">Posthumous portrait</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Born</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">712 possibly <a href="Gongyi" title="Gongyi">Gong County</a>, Henan, Tang China</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Died</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">770 (aged 57–58) <a href="Tan_Prefecture_(Hunan)" title="Tan Prefecture (Hunan)">Tan Prefecture</a>, Tang China</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data role" style="line-height:1.4em;">Poetry, politician</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Children</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">

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</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Zongwen</li><li>Zongwu</li><li>Feng'er</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Relatives</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">

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<ul><li><a href="Du_Shenyan" title="Du Shenyan">Du Shenyan</a> (grandfather)</li>

<li>Du Xian (father)</li></ul>

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<table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="color: #202122;background-color:#b0c4de">Du Fu</th></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image notheme" style="background-color: #f8f9fa;"><div class="infobox-caption">Du's name in <a href="Chinese_characters" title="Chinese characters">Chinese characters</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Chinese name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%9D%9C" class="extiw external" title="wikt:杜">杜</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%94%AB" class="extiw external" title="wikt:甫">甫</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Dù Fǔ</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Tu4 Fu3</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">IPA</th><td class="infobox-data">[tû fù]</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="Wu_Chinese" title="Wu Chinese">Wu</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="Suzhounese" class="mw-redirect" title="Suzhounese">Suzhounese</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Dôu Fù</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Yue: Cantonese</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="Yale_romanization_of_Cantonese" title="Yale romanization of Cantonese">Yale Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Douh Fú</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="Jyutping" title="Jyutping">Jyutping</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Dou6 Fu2</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">IPA</th><td class="infobox-data">[tɔw˨ fu˧˥]</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="Southern_Min" title="Southern Min">Southern Min</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a> <a href="Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī">POJ</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Tō͘ Hú</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="Taiwanese_Romanization_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiwanese Romanization System">Tâi-lô</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Tōo Hú</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="Middle_Chinese" title="Middle Chinese">Middle Chinese</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="Middle_Chinese" title="Middle Chinese">Middle Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data">/duoX pɨoX/</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Courtesy name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%AD%90" class="extiw external" title="wikt:子">子</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%BE%8E" class="extiw external" title="wikt:美">美</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Zǐmeǐ</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Tzu3-mei3</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">IPA</th><td class="infobox-data">[tsì.mèɪ]</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Yue: Cantonese</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="Yale_romanization_of_Cantonese" title="Yale romanization of Cantonese">Yale Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Jí-méih</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="Jyutping" title="Jyutping">Jyutping</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Zi2 mei5</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">IPA</th><td class="infobox-data">[tsi˧˥.mej˩˧]</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Art name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%B0%91" class="extiw external" title="wikt:少">少</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%99%B5" class="extiw external" title="wikt:陵">陵</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%87%8E" class="extiw external" title="wikt:野">野</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%80%81" class="extiw external" title="wikt:老">老</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Shàolíng Yělǎo</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Shao4-ling2 Yeh3-lao3</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">IPA</th><td class="infobox-data">[ʂâʊ.lǐŋ iɤ̀.làʊ]</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Yue: Cantonese</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="Yale_romanization_of_Cantonese" title="Yale romanization of Cantonese">Yale Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Siú-lìhng Yéh-lóuh</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="Jyutping" title="Jyutping">Jyutping</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Siu2 ling4 Je5 lou5</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">IPA</th><td class="infobox-data">[siw˧˥.lɪŋ˧˥ jɛ˩˧.lɔw˩˧]</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Japanese name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="Kanji" title="Kanji">Kanji</a></th><td class="infobox-data">杜甫</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="Hiragana" title="Hiragana">Hiragana</a></th><td class="infobox-data">とほ</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="Romanization_of_Japanese" title="Romanization of Japanese">Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data">To Ho</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2">

</td></tr></tbody></table>

Du Fu (<a href="Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: 杜甫; <a href="Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: Dù Fǔ; <a href="Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a>: Tu Fu; 712–770) was a Chinese poet and politician during the <a href="Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a>. Together with his elder contemporary and friend <a href="Li_Bai" title="Li Bai">Li Bai</a>, Du is often considered one of the greatest <a href="Chinese_poets" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese poets">Chinese poets</a> of his time.<a href="#cite_note-ebrey2006-1">[1]</a> His greatest ambition was to serve his country as a successful <a href="Civil_servant" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil servant">civil servant</a>, but Du proved unable to make the necessary accommodations. His life, like all of China, was devastated by the <a href="An_Lushan_rebellion" title="An Lushan rebellion">An Lushan rebellion</a> of 755, and his last 15 years were a time of almost constant unrest.

Although initially he was little-known to other writers, his works came to be hugely influential in both <a href="Culture_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of China">Chinese</a> and <a href="Culture_of_Japan#Literature" title="Culture of Japan">Japanese literary culture</a>. Of his poetic writing, nearly fifteen hundred poems have been preserved over the ages.<a href="#cite_note-ebrey2006-1">[1]</a> He has been called the "Poet-Historian" and the "Poet-Sage" by Chinese critics, while the range of his work has allowed him to be introduced to Western readers as "the Chinese <a href="Virgil" title="Virgil">Virgil</a>, <a href="Horace" title="Horace">Horace</a>, <a href="Ovid" title="Ovid">Ovid</a>, <a href="Shakespeare" class="mw-redirect" title="Shakespeare">Shakespeare</a>, <a href="John_Milton" title="John Milton">Milton</a>, <a href="Robert_Burns" title="Robert Burns">Burns</a>, <a href="Wordsworth" class="mw-redirect" title="Wordsworth">Wordsworth</a>, <a href="Pierre-Jean_de_B%C3%A9ranger" title="Pierre-Jean de Béranger">Béranger</a>, <a href="Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo">Hugo</a> or <a href="Baudelaire" class="mw-redirect" title="Baudelaire">Baudelaire</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHung19521-2">[2]</a>

Traditional Chinese <a href="Literary_criticism" title="Literary criticism">literary criticism</a> emphasised the life of the author when interpreting a work, a practice which the American scholar <a href="Burton_Watson" title="Burton Watson">Burton Watson</a> attributed to "the close links that traditional Chinese thought posits between art and morality". Since many of Du Fu's poems feature morality and history, this practice is particularly important.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatson1984xvii-3">[3]</a> Another reason, identified by the Chinese historian <a href="William_Hung_(sinologist)" title="William Hung (sinologist)">William Hung</a>, is that Chinese poems are typically concise, omitting context that might be relevant, but which an informed contemporary could be assumed to know. For modern Western readers, "The less accurately we know the time, the place and the circumstances in the background, the more liable we are to imagine it incorrectly, and the result will be that we either misunderstand the poem or fail to understand it altogether".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHung19525-4">[4]</a> <a href="Stephen_Owen_(academic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stephen Owen (academic)">Stephen Owen</a> suggests a third factor particular to Du Fu, arguing that the variety of the poet's work required consideration of his whole life, rather than the "reductive" categorisations used for more limited poets.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwen1981184-5">[5]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_years">Early years</h3></div>

Most of what is known of Du Fu's life comes from his poems. His paternal grandfather was <a href="Du_Shenyan" title="Du Shenyan">Du Shenyan</a>, a noted politician and poet during the reign of Empress <a href="Wu_Zetian" title="Wu Zetian">Wu Zetian</a> (r. 690–705). Du Fu was born in 712; the exact birthplace is unknown, except that it was near <a href="Luoyang" title="Luoyang">Luoyang</a>, Henan province (<a href="Gongyi" title="Gongyi">Gong county</a> is a favourite candidate). In later life, he considered himself to belong to the capital city of <a href="Chang'an" title="Chang'an">Chang'an</a>, ancestral hometown of the Du family.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHung195219-6">[6]</a>

Du Fu's mother died shortly after he was born, and he was partially raised by his aunt. He had an elder brother, who died young. He also had three <a href="Sibling" title="Sibling">half brothers</a> and one <a href="Sibling" title="Sibling">half sister</a>, to whom he frequently refers in his poems, although he never mentions his stepmother.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHung195219-6">[6]</a>

The son of a minor scholar-official, his youth was spent on the standard education of a future civil servant: study and memorisation of the <a href="Chinese_classic_texts" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese classic texts">Confucian classics</a> of <a href="Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophy</a>, history and poetry. He later claimed to have produced creditable poems by his early teens, but these have been lost.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHung195221-7">[7]</a>

In the early 730s, he travelled in the <a href="Jiangsu" title="Jiangsu">Jiangsu</a> and <a href="Zhejiang" title="Zhejiang">Zhejiang</a> area; his earliest surviving poem, describing a poetry contest, is thought to date from the end of this period, around 735.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHung195224-8">[8]</a> In that year, he took the <a href="Imperial_examination" title="Imperial examination">Imperial examination</a>, likely in <a href="Chang'an" title="Chang'an">Chang'an</a>. He failed, to his surprise and that of centuries of later critics. Hung concludes that he probably failed because his <a href="Prose" title="Prose">prose</a> style at the time was too dense and obscure, while Chou suggests his failure to cultivate connections in the capital may have been to blame. After this failure, he went back to travelling, this time around <a href="Shandong" title="Shandong">Shandong</a> and <a href="Hebei" title="Hebei">Hebei</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHsieh19942-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHung195225–28-10">[10]</a>

His father died around 740. Du Fu would have been allowed to enter the civil service because of his father's rank, but he is thought to have given up the privilege in favour of one of his half brothers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHung195233-11">[11]</a> He spent the next four years living in the Luoyang area, fulfilling his duties in domestic affairs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChou19959-12">[12]</a>

In the autumn of 744, he met <a href="Li_Bai" title="Li Bai">Li Bai</a> (Li Po) for the first time, and the two poets formed a friendship. David Young describes this as "the most significant formative element in Du Fu's artistic development" because it gave him a living example of the reclusive poet-scholar life to which he was attracted after his failure in the civil service exam.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> The relationship was somewhat one-sided, however. Du Fu was by some years the younger, while Li Bai was already a poetic star. We have twelve poems to or about Li Bai from the younger poet, but only one in the other direction. They met again only once, in 745.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis1971146-14">[14]</a>

In 746, he moved to the capital in an attempt to resurrect his official career. He took the civil service exam a second time during the following year, but all the candidates were failed by the <a href="Prime_minister" title="Prime minister">prime minister</a> (apparently in order to prevent the emergence of possible rivals). He never again attempted the examinations, instead petitioning the emperor directly in 751, 754 and probably again in 755. He married around 752, and by 757 the couple had had five children—three sons and two daughters—but one of the sons died in infancy in 755. From 754 he began to have lung problems (probably <a href="Asthma" title="Asthma">asthma</a>), the first of a series of ailments which dogged him for the rest of his life. It was in that year that Du Fu was forced to move his family due to the turmoil of a famine brought about by massive floods in the region.<a href="#cite_note-ebrey2006-1">[1]</a>

In 755, he received an appointment as Registrar of the Right Commandant's office of the Crown Prince's Palace.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHung195286-15">[15]</a> Although this was a minor post, in normal times it would have been at least the start of an official career. Even before he had begun work, however, the position was swept away by events.

The <a href="An_Lushan_rebellion" title="An Lushan rebellion">An Lushan rebellion</a> began in December 755, and was not completely suppressed for almost eight years. It caused enormous disruption to Chinese society: the census of 754 recorded 52.9 million people, but ten years later, the census counted just 16.9 million, the remainder having been displaced or killed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHung1952202-16">[16]</a>

During this time, Du Fu led a largely itinerant life unsettled by wars, associated famines and <a href="Emperor_of_China" title="Emperor of China">imperial</a> displeasure. This period of unhappiness was the making of Du Fu as a poet: Eva Shan Chou has written that, "What he saw around him—the lives of his family, neighbors, and strangers– what he heard, and what he hoped for or feared from the progress of various campaigns—these became the enduring themes of his poetry".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChou199562-17">[17]</a> Even when he learned of the death of his youngest child, he turned to the suffering of others in his poetry instead of dwelling upon his own misfortunes. Du Fu wrote:<a href="#cite_note-ebrey2006-1">[1]</a>

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</style><blockquote class="templatequote">Brooding on what I have lived through, if even I know such suffering, the common man must surely be rattled by the winds.</blockquote>

In 756, <a href="Emperor_Xuanzong_of_Tang_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Xuanzong of Tang China">Emperor Xuanzong</a> was forced to flee the capital and abdicate. Du Fu, who had been away from the city, took his family to a place of safety and attempted to join the court of the new emperor (<a href="Emperor_Suzong_of_Tang_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Suzong of Tang China">Suzong</a>), but he was captured by the rebels and taken to Chang'an.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHung1952101-18">[18]</a> In the autumn, his youngest son, Du Zongwu (Baby Bear), was born. Around this time Du Fu is thought to have contracted malaria.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHung1952110-19">[19]</a>

He escaped from Chang'an the following year, and was appointed Reminder when he rejoined the court in May 757.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHung1952108-20">[20]</a> This post gave access to the emperor but was largely ceremonial. Du Fu's conscientiousness compelled him to try to make use of it: he caused trouble for himself by protesting the removal of his friend and patron <a href="Fang_Guan" title="Fang Guan">Fang Guan</a> on a petty charge. He was arrested but was <a href="Pardon" title="Pardon">pardoned</a> in June.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHung1952108-20">[20]</a> He was granted leave to visit his family in September, but he soon rejoined the court and on 8 December 757, he returned to Chang'an with the emperor following its recapture by government forces.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHung1952121-21">[21]</a> However, his advice continued to be unappreciated, and in the summer of 758 he was demoted to a post as Commissioner of Education in Huazhou.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHung1952130-22">[22]</a> The position was not to his taste: in one poem, he wrote:

I am about to scream madly in the office,

Especially when they bring more papers to pile higher on my desk.

</div>

</div><div style="flex: 1 0 300px;"><div class="poem">

束帶發狂欲大叫，

簿書何急來相仍。

</div>

</div></div>—from "Early Autumn, Miserable Heat, Papers Piling Up" (<a href="Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: 早秋苦熱堆案相仍; <a href="Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: Zǎoqiū kǔrè duī'àn xiāngréng); translation by William Hung.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHung1952132-23">[23]</a>

</div>

He moved on in the summer of 759; this has traditionally been ascribed to famine, but Hung believes that frustration is a more likely reason.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHung1952142-24">[24]</a> He next spent around six weeks in Qinzhou (now <a href="Tianshui" title="Tianshui">Tianshui</a>, Gansu province), where he wrote more than sixty poems.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chengdu">Chengdu</h3></div>

In December 759, he briefly stayed in Tonggu (modern Gansu). He departed on 24 December for <a href="Chengdu" title="Chengdu">Chengdu</a> (in <a href="Sichuan" title="Sichuan">Sichuan</a>),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHung1952159-25">[25]</a> where he was hosted by local Prefect and fellow poet <a href="Pei_Di" title="Pei Di">Pei Di</a>.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> Du subsequently based himself in Sichuan for most of the next five years.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHung1952''passim''.-27">[27]</a> By the autumn of that year he was in financial trouble, and sent poems begging help to various acquaintances. He was relieved by Yan Wu, a friend and former colleague who was appointed governor general at Chengdu. Despite his financial problems, this was one of the happiest and most peaceful periods of his life. Many of Du's poems from this period are peaceful depictions of his life at <a href="Du_Fu_Thatched_Cottage" title="Du Fu Thatched Cottage">Du Fu Thatched Cottage</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ebrey2006-1">[1]</a> In 762, he left the city to escape a rebellion, but he returned in summer 764 when he was appointed an advisor to Yan, who was involved in campaigns against the <a href="Tibetan_Empire" title="Tibetan Empire">Tibetan Empire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHung1952208-28">[28]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Last_years">Last years</h3></div>

Luoyang, the region of his birthplace, was recovered by government forces in the winter of 762, and in the spring of 765 Du Fu and his family sailed down the <a href="Yangtze_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Yangtze River">Yangtze</a>, apparently with the intention of making their way there.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHung1952215-29">[29]</a> They travelled slowly, held up by his ill-health (by this time he was suffering from poor eyesight, deafness and general old age in addition to his previous ailments). They stayed in <a href="Kuizhou" title="Kuizhou">Kuizhou</a> (in what is now <a href="Baidicheng" title="Baidicheng">Baidicheng</a>, Chongqing) at the entrance to the <a href="Three_Gorges" title="Three Gorges">Three Gorges</a> for almost two years from late spring 766.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHung1952221-30">[30]</a> This period was Du Fu's last great poetic flowering, and here he wrote 400 poems in his dense, late style.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHung1952221-30">[30]</a> In autumn 766, Bo Maolin became governor of the region: he supported Du Fu financially and employed him as his unofficial secretary.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHung1952227-31">[31]</a>

In March 768, he resumed his journey and got as far as <a href="Hunan" title="Hunan">Hunan</a> province, where he died in <a href="Tanzhou_(in_modern_Hunan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanzhou (in modern Hunan)">Tanzhou</a> (now <a href="Changsha" title="Changsha">Changsha</a>) in November or December 770, in his 58th year. He was survived by his wife and two sons, who remained in the area for some years at least. His last known descendant is a grandson who requested a grave inscription for the poet from <a href="Yuan_Zhen" title="Yuan Zhen">Yuan Zhen</a> in 813.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatson1984xviii-32">[32]</a>

Hung summarises his life by concluding that, "He appeared to be a filial son, an affectionate father, a generous brother, a faithful husband, a loyal friend, a dutiful official, and a patriotic subject."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHung1952282-33">[33]</a>

Below is an example of one of Du Fu's later works. Like many other poems in the Tang it featured the theme of a long parting between friends, which was often due to officials being frequently transferred to the provinces:<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a>

It is almost as hard for friends to meet

As for the <a href="Three_Stars_(Chinese_constellation)" title="Three Stars (Chinese constellation)">Orion</a> and <a href="Heart_(Chinese_constellation)" title="Heart (Chinese constellation)">Scorpius</a>.

Tonight then is a rare event,

Joining, in the candlelight,

Two men who were young not long ago

But now are turning grey at the temples.

To find that half our friends are dead

Shocks us, burns our hearts with grief.

We little guessed it would be twenty years

Before I could visit you again.

When I went away, you were still unmarried;

But now these boys and girls in a row

Are very kind to their father's old friend.

They ask me where I have been on my journey;

And then, when we have talked awhile,

They bring and show me wines and dishes,

Spring chives cut in the night-rain

And brown rice cooked freshly a special way.

My host proclaims it a festival,

He urges me to drink ten cups—

But what ten cups could make me as drunk

As I always am with your love in my heart?

Tomorrow the mountains will separate us;

After tomorrow—who can say?

</div>

</div><div style="flex: 1 0 300px;"><div class="poem">

人生不相見，

動如參與商。

今夕復何夕，

共此燈燭光。

少壯能幾時，

鬢髮各已蒼。

訪舊半為鬼，

驚呼熱中腸。

焉知二十載，

重上君子堂。

昔別君未婚，

兒女忽成行。

怡然敬父執，

問我來何方。

問答乃未已，

兒女羅酒漿。

夜雨翦春韭，

新炊間黃粱。

主稱會面難，

一舉累十觴。

十觴亦不醉，

感子故意長。

明日隔山嶽，

世事兩茫茫。

</div>

</div></div>—"To My Retired Friend Wei" (Zēng Wèi Bā Chǔshì 贈衛八處士)<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a>

</div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health">Health</h3></div>

Du Fu is the first person in the historical record identified as a diabetic patient. In his later years, he suffered from <a href="Diabetes" title="Diabetes">diabetes</a> and <a href="Pulmonary_tuberculosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulmonary tuberculosis">pulmonary tuberculosis</a>, and died on board a ship on the Yangtze, aged 58 years old.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2></div>

Criticism of Du Fu's works has focused on his strong sense of history, his moral engagement, and his technical excellence.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History">History</h3></div>

Since the <a href="Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a>, critics have called Du Fu the "poet for history" (詩史, shī shǐ).<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> The most directly historical of his poems are those commenting on <a href="Military_tactic" class="mw-redirect" title="Military tactic">military tactics</a> or the successes and failures of the government, or the poems of advice which he wrote to the emperor. Indirectly, he wrote about the effect of the times in which he lived on himself, and on the ordinary people of China. As Watson notes, this is information "of a kind seldom found in the officially compiled histories of the era".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChou1995xvii-38">[38]</a>

Du Fu's political comments are based on emotion rather than calculation: his prescriptions have been paraphrased as, "Let us all be less selfish, let us all do what we are supposed to do". Since his views were impossible to disagree with, his forcefully expressed truisms enabled his installation as the central figure of Chinese poetic history.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChou199516-39">[39]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Moral_engagement">Moral engagement</h3></div>

A second favourite <a href="Epithet" title="Epithet">epithet</a> of Chinese critics is that of "poet sage" (詩聖, shī shèng), a counterpart to the philosophical sage, <a href="Confucius" title="Confucius">Confucius</a>.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> One of the earliest surviving works, The Song of the Wagons (from around 750), gives voice to the sufferings of a <a href="Conscription" title="Conscription">conscript</a> soldier in the imperial army and a clear-sighted consciousness of suffering. These concerns are continuously articulated in poems on the lives of both soldiers and civilians produced by Du Fu throughout his life.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatson1984xvii-3">[3]</a>

Although Du Fu's frequent references to his own difficulties can give the impression of an all-consuming <a href="Solipsism" title="Solipsism">solipsism</a>, Hawkes argues that his "famous compassion in fact includes himself, viewed quite objectively and almost as an afterthought". He therefore "lends grandeur" to the wider picture by comparing it to "his own slightly comical triviality".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHawkes2016204-41">[41]</a>

Du Fu's compassion, for himself and for others, was part of his general broadening of the scope of poetry: he devoted many works to topics which had previously been considered unsuitable for poetic treatment. Zhang Jie wrote that for Du Fu, "everything in this world is poetry",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChou199567-42">[42]</a> Du wrote extensively on subjects such as domestic life, calligraphy, paintings, animals, and other poems.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis1971140-43">[43]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Technical_excellence">Technical excellence</h3></div>

Du Fu's work is notable above all for its range. Chinese critics traditionally used the term 集大成 (jídàchéng, "complete symphony"), a reference to <a href="Mencius" title="Mencius">Mencius</a>' description of <a href="Confucius" title="Confucius">Confucius</a>. <a href="Yuan_Zhen" title="Yuan Zhen">Yuan Zhen</a> was the first to note the breadth of Du Fu's achievement, writing in 813 that his predecessor "united in his work traits which previous men had displayed only singly".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChou199542-44">[44]</a> He mastered all the forms of <a href="Chinese_poetry" title="Chinese poetry">Chinese poetry</a>: Chou says that in every form he "either made outstanding advances or contributed outstanding examples".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChou199556-45">[45]</a> Furthermore, his poems use a wide range of <a href="Register_(sociolinguistics)" title="Register (sociolinguistics)">registers</a>, from the direct and <a href="Colloquial" class="mw-redirect" title="Colloquial">colloquial</a> to the <a href="Allusion" title="Allusion">allusive</a> and self-consciously literary.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwen1981218–219-46">[46]</a> This variety is manifested even within individual works: Owen identifies the, "rapid stylistic and thematic shifts" in poems which enable the poet to represent different facets of a situation,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwen1981184-5">[5]</a> while Chou uses the term "juxtaposition" as the major analytical tool in her work.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChou1995107–192-47">[47]</a> Du Fu is noted for having written more on poetics and painting than any other writer of his time. He wrote eighteen poems on painting alone, more than any other Tang poet. Du Fu's seemingly negative commentary on the prized horse paintings of <a href="Han_Gan" title="Han Gan">Han Gan</a> ignited a controversy that has persisted to the present day.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a>

The tenor of his work changed as he developed his style and adapted to his surroundings ("<a href="Chameleon" title="Chameleon">chameleon</a>-like" according to Watson): his earliest works are in a relatively derivative, courtly style, but he came into his own in the years of the rebellion. Owen comments on the "grim simplicity" of the Qinzhou poems, which mirrors the desert landscape;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwen1997425-49">[49]</a> the works from his Chengdu period are "light, often finely observed";<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwen1997427-50">[50]</a> while the poems from the late Kuizhou period have a "density and power of vision".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwen1997433-51">[51]</a>

Although he wrote in all poetic forms, Du Fu is best known for his <a href="L%C3%BCshi_(poetry)" title="Lüshi (poetry)">lüshi</a>, a type of poem with strict constraints on form and content, for example:

Leaving the Audience by the quiet corridors,

Stately and beautiful, we pass through the Palace gates,

Turning in different directions: you go to the West

With the Ministers of State. I, otherwise.

On my side, the willow-twigs are fragile, greening.

You are struck by scarlet flowers over there.

Our separate ways! You write so well, so kindly,

To caution, in vain, a garrulous old man.

</div>

</div><div style="flex: 1 0 300px;"><div class="poem">

窈窕清禁闥，

罷朝歸不同。

君隨丞相後，

我往日華東。

冉冉柳枝碧，

娟娟花蕊紅。

故人得佳句，

獨贈白頭翁。

</div>

</div></div>—"Memorial in Reply to a Friend's Advice" (奉答岑參補闕見贈).<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a></div>

About two-thirds of Du Fu's 1,500 extant works are in this form, and he is generally considered to be its leading exponent. His best lǜshi use the parallelisms required by the form to add expressive content rather than as mere technical restrictions. Hawkes comments that "it is amazing that Tu Fu is able to use so immensely stylized a form in so natural a manner".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHawkes201646-53">[53]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influence">Influence</h2></div>

According to the <a href="Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>, Du Fu's writings are considered by many literary critics to be among the greatest of all time,<a href="#cite_note-britannica-54">[54]</a> and it states "his dense, compressed language makes use of all the connotative overtones of a phrase and of all the intonational potentials of the individual word, qualities that no translation can ever reveal."<a href="#cite_note-britannica-54">[54]</a>

In his lifetime and immediately following his death, Du Fu was not greatly appreciated.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> In part this can be attributed to his stylistic and formal innovations, some of which are still "considered extremely daring and bizarre by Chinese critics."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHawkes20164-56">[56]</a> There are few contemporary references to him—only eleven poems from six writers—and these describe him in terms of affection, but not as a paragon of poetic or moral ideals.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChou199530-57">[57]</a> Du Fu is also poorly represented in contemporary anthologies of poetry.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChou199531-58">[58]</a>

However, as Hung notes, he "is the only Chinese poet whose influence grew with time",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChou19951-59">[59]</a> and his works began to increase in popularity in the ninth century. Early positive comments came from <a href="Bai_Juyi" title="Bai Juyi">Bai Juyi</a>, who praised the moral sentiments of some of Du Fu's works (although he found these in only a small fraction of the poems), and from <a href="Han_Yu" title="Han Yu">Han Yu</a>, who wrote a piece defending Du Fu and <a href="Li_Bai" title="Li Bai">Li Bai</a> on aesthetic grounds from attacks made against them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChou199533-60">[60]</a> Both these writers showed the influence of Du Fu in their own poetic work.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwen1981217-61">[61]</a> By the beginning of the 10th century, <a href="Wei_Zhuang" title="Wei Zhuang">Wei Zhuang</a> constructed the first replica of his thatched cottage in Sichuan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChou199535-62">[62]</a>

It was in the 11th century, during the <a href="Northern_Song" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Song">Northern Song</a> era that Du Fu's reputation reached its peak. In this period a comprehensive re-evaluation of earlier poets took place, in which <a href="Wang_Wei_(Tang_dynasty)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wang Wei (Tang dynasty)">Wang Wei</a>, Li Bai and Du Fu came to be regarded as representing respectively the <a href="Buddhist" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist">Buddhist</a>, <a href="Daoist" class="mw-redirect" title="Daoist">Daoist</a> and <a href="Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucian</a> strands of Chinese culture.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChou199526-63">[63]</a> At the same time, the development of <a href="Neo-Confucianism" title="Neo-Confucianism">Neo-Confucianism</a> ensured that Du Fu, as its poetic exemplar, occupied the paramount position.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> <a href="Su_Shi" title="Su Shi">Su Shi</a> famously expressed this reasoning when he wrote that Du Fu was "preeminent ... because ... through all his vicissitudes, he never for the space of a meal forgot his sovereign".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChou199523-65">[65]</a> His influence was helped by his ability to reconcile apparent opposites: political conservatives were attracted by his loyalty to the established order, while political radicals embraced his concern for the poor. Literary conservatives could look to his technical mastery, while literary radicals were inspired by his innovations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwen1981183–184-66">[66]</a> Since the establishment of the <a href="People's_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China</a>, Du Fu's loyalty to the state and concern for the poor have been interpreted as embryonic nationalism and socialism, and he has been praised for his use of simple, "<a href="Vernacular_Chinese" class="mw-redirect" title="Vernacular Chinese">people's language</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChou199566-67">[67]</a>

Du Fu's popularity grew to such an extent that it is as hard to measure his influence as that of Shakespeare in England: it was hard for any Chinese poet not to be influenced by him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwen1997413-68">[68]</a> While there was never another Du Fu, individual poets followed in the traditions of specific aspects of his work: <a href="Bai_Juyi" title="Bai Juyi">Bai Juyi</a>'s concern for the poor, <a href="Lu_You" title="Lu You">Lu You</a>'s patriotism, and <a href="Mei_Yaochen" title="Mei Yaochen">Mei Yaochen</a>'s reflections on the quotidian are a few examples. More broadly, Du Fu's work in transforming the lǜshi from mere <a href="Word_play" title="Word play">word play</a> into "a vehicle for serious poetic utterance"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatson1984270-69">[69]</a> set the stage for every subsequent writer in the genre.

In its publishing of <a href="Burton_Watson" title="Burton Watson">Burton Watson</a>'s translation of Du Fu's poems, the <a href="Columbia_University_Press" title="Columbia University Press">Columbia University Press</a> commented that Du Fu "has been called China's greatest poet, and some call him the greatest nonepic, nondramatic poet whose writings survive in any language."<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Influence_on_Japanese_literature">Influence on Japanese literature</h3></div>

Du Fu's poetry has made a profound impact on <a href="Japanese_literature" title="Japanese literature">Japanese literature</a>, especially on the literature from the <a href="Muromachi_period" title="Muromachi period">Muromachi period</a> and on scholars and poets in the <a href="Edo_period" title="Edo period">Edo period</a>, including <a href="Matsuo_Bash%C5%8D" title="Matsuo Bashō">Matsuo Bashō</a>, the very greatest of all <a href="Haiku" title="Haiku">haiku</a> poets.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuzukiKurokawa1966205–219-71">[71]</a> Even in modern <a href="Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a>, the term Saint of Poetry (詩聖, shisei) is mostly synonymous with Du Fu.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a>

Until the 13th century, the Japanese preferred Bai Juyi above all poets and there were few references to Du Fu, although his influence can be seen in some <a href="Kanshi_(poetry)" title="Kanshi (poetry)">kanshi</a> ("Chinese poetry made by Japanese poets") anthologies such as <a href="Bunka_Sh%C5%ABreish%C5%AB" title="Bunka Shūreishū">Bunka Shūreishū</a> in the 9th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuzukiKurokawa1966206–207-73">[73]</a> The first notable Japanese appreciator of Du Fu's poetry was <a href="Kokan_Shiren" title="Kokan Shiren">Kokan Shiren</a> (1278–1346), a <a href="Rinzai_Zen" class="mw-redirect" title="Rinzai Zen">Rinzai Zen</a> patriarch and one of the most prominent authors of the <a href="Literature_of_the_Five_Mountains" title="Literature of the Five Mountains">literature of the Five Mountains</a>; he highly praised Du Fu and made a commentary on some poems of Du Fu from the perspective of a Zen priest in Vol. 11 of Saihokushū.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuzukiKurokawa1966207-74">[74]</a> His student <a href="Ch%C5%ABgan_Engetsu" title="Chūgan Engetsu">Chūgan Engetsu</a> composed many kanshi which were clearly stated to be "influenced by Du Fu" in their prefaces.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuzukiKurokawa1966207–208-75">[75]</a> Chūgan's student <a href="Gid%C5%8D_Sh%C5%ABshin" title="Gidō Shūshin">Gidō Shūshin</a> had close connection with the Court and <a href="Ashikaga_Shogunate" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashikaga Shogunate">Ashikaga Shogunate</a> and propagated Du Fu's poetry in the mundane world; one day <a href="Nij%C5%8D_Yoshimoto" title="Nijō Yoshimoto">Nijō Yoshimoto</a>, the <a href="Kampaku" class="mw-redirect" title="Kampaku">Kampaku</a> regent of the Court and the highest authority of <a href="Renga" title="Renga">renga</a> poetry, asked Gidō, "Should I learn the poetry of Du Fu and Li Bai?" Gidō dared to reply, "Yes if you do have enough capability. No if do not."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuzukiKurokawa1966208-76">[76]</a> Since then, there had been many seminars on Du Fu's poetry both in Zen temples and in the aristocratic society, and as a result his poetry was often cited in Japanese literature in the Muromachi period, e.g., <a href="Taiheiki" title="Taiheiki">Taiheiki</a>, a historical epic in the late 14th century, and some <a href="Noh" title="Noh">noh</a> plays such as Hyakuman, Bashō, and Shunkan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuzukiKurokawa1966209–212-77">[77]</a>

During the <a href="Kan'ei" title="Kan'ei">Kan'ei</a> era of the Edo period (1624–1643), Shào Chuán (邵傳) of the <a href="Ming_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Ming Dynasty">Ming Dynasty</a>'s Collective Commentary on Du Fu's <a href="Shi_(poetry)#Jintishi" title="Shi (poetry)">Lǜshi</a> (杜律集解, Toritsu Shikkai) was imported into Japan, and it gained explosive popularity in Confucian scholars and <a href="Ch%C5%8Dnin" title="Chōnin">chōnin</a> (townspeople) class.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuzukiKurokawa1966213–214-78">[78]</a> The commentary established Du Fu's fame as the highest of all poets; for instance, <a href="Hayashi_Shunsai" class="mw-redirect" title="Hayashi Shunsai">Hayashi Shunsai</a>, a notable Confucian scholar, commented in Vol. 37 of Gahō Bunshū that Zǐměi [Du Fu] was the very best poet in history and praised Shào Chuán's commentary for its simplicity and readability, while he criticised old commentaries during the <a href="Yuan_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Yuan Dynasty">Yuan Dynasty</a> as too unfathomable.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuzukiKurokawa1966214-79">[79]</a> <a href="Matsuo_Bash%C5%8D" title="Matsuo Bashō">Matsuo Bashō</a>, the greatest haiku poet, was also strongly influenced by Du Fu; in <a href="Oku_no_Hosomichi" title="Oku no Hosomichi">Oku no Hosomichi</a>, his masterpiece, he cites the first two lines of <a href="Chunwang_(poem)" title="Chunwang (poem)">A Spring View</a> (春望) before a haiku as its introduction<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> and also many of his other haiku have similar wording and themes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuzukiKurokawa1966216–217-81">[81]</a> It is said that when he died in <a href="Osaka" title="Osaka">Osaka</a> during a long travel, a copy of Du Fu's poetry was found with him as one of a few precious items which he was able to carry around.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuzukiKurokawa1966216-82">[82]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Translation">Translation</h2></div>

A variety of styles have been used in efforts to translate Du Fu's work into English. As <a href="Burton_Watson" title="Burton Watson">Burton Watson</a> remarks in <a href="The_Selected_Poems_of_Du_Fu" title="The Selected Poems of Du Fu">The Selected Poems of Du Fu</a>, "There are many different ways to approach the problems involved in translating Du Fu, which is why we need as many different translations as possible" (p. xxii). The translators have had to contend with bringing out the formal constraints of the original without sounding laboured to a Western ear (particularly when translating regulated verse, or lǜshi), and accommodating the complex allusions contained particularly in the later works (Hawkes writes that "his poems do not as a rule come through very well in translation"—p. ix).

One extreme on each issue is represented by <a href="Kenneth_Rexroth" title="Kenneth Rexroth">Kenneth Rexroth</a>'s <a href="One_Hundred_Poems_From_the_Chinese" class="mw-redirect" title="One Hundred Poems From the Chinese">One Hundred Poems From the Chinese</a>. His are free translations, which seek to conceal the parallelisms through <a href="Enjambement" class="mw-redirect" title="Enjambement">enjambement</a> and expansion and contraction of the content; his responses to the allusions are firstly to omit most of these poems from his selection, and secondly to "translate out" the references in those works which he does select.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> Other translators have placed much greater weight on trying to convey a sense of the poetic forms used by Du Fu. <a href="Vikram_Seth" title="Vikram Seth">Vikram Seth</a> in <a href="Three_Chinese_Poets" title="Three Chinese Poets">Three Chinese Poets</a> uses English-style rhyme schemes, whereas <a href="Keith_Holyoak" title="Keith Holyoak">Keith Holyoak</a> in <a href="Facing_the_Moon" title="Facing the Moon">Facing the Moon</a> approximates the Chinese rhyme scheme; both use end-stopped lines and preserve some degree of parallelism. In <a href="The_Selected_Poems_of_Du_Fu" title="The Selected Poems of Du Fu">The Selected Poems of Du Fu</a>, <a href="Burton_Watson" title="Burton Watson">Burton Watson</a> follows the parallelisms quite strictly, persuading the western reader to adapt to the poems rather than vice versa. Similarly, he deals with the allusion of the later works by combining literal translation with extensive <a href="Annotation" title="Annotation">annotation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatson1984''passim''-84">[84]</a> <a href="Arthur_Cooper_(translator)" title="Arthur Cooper (translator)">Arthur Cooper</a> also translated selected poems of Du Fu and <a href="Li_Bai" title="Li Bai">Li Bai</a>, which were published under the <a href="Penguin_Classics" title="Penguin Classics">Penguin Classics</a> imprint.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> <a href="David_Hinton" title="David Hinton">David Hinton</a> has also published selected poems for <a href="New_Directions_Publishing" title="New Directions Publishing">New Directions</a>, first in 1989 followed by an expanded and revised edition in 2020.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> In 2015, <a href="Stephen_Owen_(academic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stephen Owen (academic)">Stephen Owen</a> published annotated translations, with facing Chinese texts, of the complete poetry of Du Fu in six volumes.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a>

<ul><li>"<a href="Autumn_Day_in_Kui_Prefecture" title="Autumn Day in Kui Prefecture">Autumn Day in Kui Prefecture</a>"</li>

<li><a href="Classical_Chinese_poetry" title="Classical Chinese poetry">Classical Chinese poetry</a></li>

<li><a href="Simians_(Chinese_poetry)" title="Simians (Chinese poetry)">Simians (Chinese poetry)</a></li>

<li><a href="Tang_Dynasty_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Tang Dynasty art">Tang Dynasty art</a></li>

<li><a href="Tang_poetry" title="Tang poetry">Tang poetry</a></li>

<li><a href="Three_perfections" title="Three perfections">Three perfections</a> – integration of calligraphy, poetry and painting</li>

<li><a href="Du_Fu_Thatched_Cottage" title="Du Fu Thatched Cottage">Du Fu Thatched Cottage</a></li>

<li><a href="Du_Fu_River_Pavilion" title="Du Fu River Pavilion">Du Fu River Pavilion</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFEbreyWalthallPalais2006" class="citation book cs1">Ebrey, Patricia Buckley; Walthall, Anne; Palais, James (2006). East Asia: A Cultural, Social, and Political History. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. p. 103. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-618-13384-0</bdi>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHung19521-2"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHung19521_2-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHung1952">Hung 1952</a>, p. 1.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatson1984xvii-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatson1984xvii_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatson1984xvii_3-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWatson1984">Watson 1984</a>, p. xvii.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHung19525-4"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHung19525_4-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHung1952">Hung 1952</a>, p. 5.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwen1981184-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOwen1981184_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOwen1981184_5-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFOwen1981">Owen 1981</a>, p. 184.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHung195219-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHung195219_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHung195219_6-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHung1952">Hung 1952</a>, p. 19.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHung195221-7"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHung195221_7-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHung1952">Hung 1952</a>, p. 21.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHung195224-8"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHung195224_8-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHung1952">Hung 1952</a>, p. 24.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHsieh19942-9"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHsieh19942_9-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHsieh1994">Hsieh 1994</a>, p. 2.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHung195225–28-10"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHung195225–28_10-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHung1952">Hung 1952</a>, p. 25–28.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHung195233-11"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHung195233_11-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHung1952">Hung 1952</a>, p. 33.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChou19959-12"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChou19959_12-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChou1995">Chou 1995</a>, p. 9.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <cite class="citation book cs1">Du Fu: A Life in Poetry. Translated by Young, David. New York: Random House. 2008. p. 2. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-375-71160-2</bdi>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis1971146-14"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavis1971146_14-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDavis1971">Davis 1971</a>, p. 146.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHung195286-15"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHung195286_15-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHung1952">Hung 1952</a>, p. 86.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHung1952202-16"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHung1952202_16-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHung1952">Hung 1952</a>, p. 202.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChou199562-17"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChou199562_17-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChou1995">Chou 1995</a>, p. 62.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHung1952101-18"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHung1952101_18-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHung1952">Hung 1952</a>, p. 101.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHung1952110-19"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHung1952110_19-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHung1952">Hung 1952</a>, p. 110.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHung1952108-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHung1952108_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHung1952108_20-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHung1952">Hung 1952</a>, p. 108.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHung1952121-21"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHung1952121_21-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHung1952">Hung 1952</a>, p. 121.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHung1952130-22"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHung1952130_22-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHung1952">Hung 1952</a>, p. 130.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHung1952132-23"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHung1952132_23-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHung1952">Hung 1952</a>, p. 132.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHung1952142-24"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHung1952142_24-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHung1952">Hung 1952</a>, p. 142.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHung1952159-25"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHung1952159_25-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHung1952">Hung 1952</a>, p. 159.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFChang1977" class="citation book cs1">Chang, H. C. (1977). Chinese Literature II: Nature Poetry. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 63. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-231-04288-8</bdi>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHung1952''passim''.-27"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHung1952''passim''._27-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHung1952">Hung 1952</a>, p. passim..

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHung1952208-28"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHung1952208_28-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHung1952">Hung 1952</a>, p. 208.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHung1952215-29"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHung1952215_29-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHung1952">Hung 1952</a>, p. 215.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHung1952221-30">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHung1952221_30-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHung1952221_30-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHung1952">Hung 1952</a>, p. 221.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHung1952227-31"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHung1952227_31-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHung1952">Hung 1952</a>, p. 227.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatson1984xviii-32"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatson1984xviii_32-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWatson1984">Watson 1984</a>, p. xviii.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHung1952282-33"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHung1952282_33-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHung1952">Hung 1952</a>, p. 282.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFEbrey1999" class="citation book cs1">Ebrey, Patricia Buckley (1999). The Cambridge Illustrated History of China. Cambridge University Press. p. 120. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-521-66991-7</bdi>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://etext.virginia.edu/chinese/frame.htm">University of Virginia's 300 Tang Poems</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110806080810/http://etext.virginia.edu/chinese/frame.htm">Archived</a> 6 August 2011 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFSakamoto1990" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Sakamoto, Nobuo (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2185%2Fjjrm.38.1091">"Diabetes: A brief historical retrospect"</a>. Journal of the Japanese Association of Rural Medicine (in Japanese). 38 (6): 1091–1095. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2185%2Fjjrm.38.1091">10.2185/jjrm.38.1091</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1349-7421">1349-7421</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFSchmidt2003" class="citation book cs1">Schmidt, Jerry Dean (2003). Harmony Garden: The Life, Literary Criticism, and Poetry of Yuan Mei (1716–1798). London: Routledge. p. 420. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-7007-1525-1</bdi>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChou1995xvii-38"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChou1995xvii_38-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChou1995">Chou 1995</a>, p. xvii.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChou199516-39"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChou199516_39-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChou1995">Chou 1995</a>, p. 16.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFYaoLi2005" class="citation book cs1">Yao, Dan; Li, Ziliang (2005). Chinese Literature. Beijing: China Intercontinental Press. p. 82. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-7-5085-0979-2</bdi>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHawkes2016204-41"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHawkes2016204_41-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHawkes2016">Hawkes 2016</a>, p. 204.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChou199567-42"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChou199567_42-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChou1995">Chou 1995</a>, p. 67.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis1971140-43"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavis1971140_43-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDavis1971">Davis 1971</a>, p. 140.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChou199542-44"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChou199542_44-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChou1995">Chou 1995</a>, p. 42.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChou199556-45"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChou199556_45-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChou1995">Chou 1995</a>, p. 56.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwen1981218–219-46"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOwen1981218–219_46-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOwen1981">Owen 1981</a>, pp. 218–219.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChou1995107–192-47"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChou1995107–192_47-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChou1995">Chou 1995</a>, pp. 107–192.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFLee1970" class="citation journal cs1">Lee, Joseph J. (Summer 1970). "Tu Fu's Art Criticism and Han Kan's Horse Painting". <a href="Journal_of_the_American_Oriental_Society" title="Journal of the American Oriental Society">Journal of the American Oriental Society</a>. 90 (3): 449–461. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F597089">10.2307/597089</a>. <a href="JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/597089">597089</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwen1997425-49"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOwen1997425_49-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOwen1997">Owen 1997</a>, p. 425.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwen1997427-50"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOwen1997427_50-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOwen1997">Owen 1997</a>, p. 427.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwen1997433-51"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOwen1997433_51-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOwen1997">Owen 1997</a>, p. 433.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFKizer1964" class="citation journal cs1">Kizer, Carolyn (Summer 1964). "Versions from Tu Fu". <a href="The_Hudson_Review" title="The Hudson Review">The Hudson Review</a>. 17 (2): 226–230. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3848394">10.2307/3848394</a>. <a href="JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3848394">3848394</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHawkes201646-53"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHawkes201646_53-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHawkes2016">Hawkes 2016</a>, p. 46.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-britannica-54">^ <a href="#cite_ref-britannica_54-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-britannica_54-1">b</a> <cite class="citation book cs1">The New Encyclopædia Britannica, Volume 12 (15th ed.). <a href="Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica%2C_Inc" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc">Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc</a>. 2003. p. 21. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-85229-961-6</bdi>. <q>Tu Fu, Chinese poet, considered by many literary critics to be the greatest of all time.</q></cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFCai1975" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Cai, Guoying (1975). Chinese Poems with English Translation / <bdi lang="zh">英譯中國詩詞選</bdi> (in Chinese and English). Taipei: Zhengzhong Bookstore. p. 38. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/10463699">10463699</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHawkes20164-56"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHawkes20164_56-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHawkes2016">Hawkes 2016</a>, p. 4.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChou199530-57"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChou199530_57-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChou1995">Chou 1995</a>, p. 30.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChou199531-58"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChou199531_58-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChou1995">Chou 1995</a>, p. 31.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChou19951-59"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChou19951_59-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChou1995">Chou 1995</a>, p. 1.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChou199533-60"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChou199533_60-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChou1995">Chou 1995</a>, p. 33.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwen1981217-61"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOwen1981217_61-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOwen1981">Owen 1981</a>, p. 217.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChou199535-62"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChou199535_62-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChou1995">Chou 1995</a>, p. 35.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChou199526-63"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChou199526_63-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChou1995">Chou 1995</a>, p. 26.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFChe1987" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Che, Wenhua (1987). <bdi lang="zh">杜甫傳記唐宋資料考辨</bdi> [Textual Research on Du Fu's Biography of Tang and Song Dynasties] (in Chinese). Taipei: The Liberal Arts Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-957-547-380-8</bdi>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChou199523-65"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChou199523_65-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChou1995">Chou 1995</a>, p. 23.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwen1981183–184-66"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOwen1981183–184_66-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOwen1981">Owen 1981</a>, pp. 183–184.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChou199566-67"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChou199566_67-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChou1995">Chou 1995</a>, p. 66.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwen1997413-68"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOwen1997413_68-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOwen1997">Owen 1997</a>, p. 413.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatson1984270-69"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatson1984270_69-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWatson1984">Watson 1984</a>, p. 270.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cup.columbia.edu/book/selected-poems-of-du-fu/9780231128292">Selected Poems of Du Fu</a>. Translated by Watson, Burton (5th ed.). New York: Columbia University Press. 2003. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-231-50229-0</bdi>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESuzukiKurokawa1966205–219-71"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuzukiKurokawa1966205–219_71-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSuzukiKurokawa1966">Suzuki & Kurokawa 1966</a>, pp. 205–219.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <a href="Nihon_Kokugo_Daijiten" title="Nihon Kokugo Daijiten">Nihon Kokugo Daijiten</a>, digital edition <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081107073644/http://www.japanknowledge.com/">"知識探索：JapanKnowledge"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.japanknowledge.com/">the original</a> on 7 November 2008. Retrieved 1 February 2009.</cite>. 詩聖.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESuzukiKurokawa1966206–207-73"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuzukiKurokawa1966206–207_73-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSuzukiKurokawa1966">Suzuki & Kurokawa 1966</a>, pp. 206–207.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESuzukiKurokawa1966207-74"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuzukiKurokawa1966207_74-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSuzukiKurokawa1966">Suzuki & Kurokawa 1966</a>, p. 207.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESuzukiKurokawa1966207–208-75"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuzukiKurokawa1966207–208_75-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSuzukiKurokawa1966">Suzuki & Kurokawa 1966</a>, pp. 207–208.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESuzukiKurokawa1966208-76"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuzukiKurokawa1966208_76-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSuzukiKurokawa1966">Suzuki & Kurokawa 1966</a>, p. 208.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESuzukiKurokawa1966209–212-77"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuzukiKurokawa1966209–212_77-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSuzukiKurokawa1966">Suzuki & Kurokawa 1966</a>, pp. 209–212.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESuzukiKurokawa1966213–214-78"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuzukiKurokawa1966213–214_78-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSuzukiKurokawa1966">Suzuki & Kurokawa 1966</a>, pp. 213–214.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESuzukiKurokawa1966214-79"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuzukiKurokawa1966214_79-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSuzukiKurokawa1966">Suzuki & Kurokawa 1966</a>, p. 214.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFHisatomi1980" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Hisatomi, Tetsuo, ed. (1980). <bdi lang="ja">奥の細道</bdi> [<a href="The_Narrow_Road_to_the_Interior" class="mw-redirect" title="The Narrow Road to the Interior">The Narrow Road to the Interior</a>] (in Japanese). Tokyo: Kodansha. p. 173. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-4-06-158452-5</bdi>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESuzukiKurokawa1966216–217-81"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuzukiKurokawa1966216–217_81-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSuzukiKurokawa1966">Suzuki & Kurokawa 1966</a>, pp. 216–217.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESuzukiKurokawa1966216-82"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuzukiKurokawa1966216_82-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSuzukiKurokawa1966">Suzuki & Kurokawa 1966</a>, p. 216.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <cite class="citation book cs1">One Hundred Poems From the Chinese. Translated by Rexroth, Kenneth. New York: New Directions. 1971. pp. 136–137. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-8112-0180-3</bdi>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatson1984''passim''-84"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatson1984''passim''_84-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWatson1984">Watson 1984</a>, p. passim.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <cite class="citation book cs1">Li Po and Tu Fu: Poems. Translated by Cooper, Arthur. New York: Viking. 1986. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-014-0442-72-4</bdi>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <cite class="citation book cs1">The Selected Poems of Du Fu. Translated by Hinton, David (expanded ed.). New York: New Directions. 2020. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-8112-2838-1</bdi>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.degruyter.com/view/product/246946">The Poetry of Du Fu</a>. Translated by Owen, Stephen. Warsaw; Boston: De Gruyter. 2015. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-61451-712-2</bdi>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2016/04/translating-nine-pounds-of-poetry/">"Translating nine pounds of poetry"</a>. <a href="Harvard_Gazette" class="mw-redirect" title="Harvard Gazette">Harvard Gazette</a>. 11 April 2016.</cite>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3></div>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFChou1995" class="citation book cs1">Chou, Eva Shan (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FTbXP9AJdUQC">Reconsidering Tu Fu: Literary Greatness and Cultural Context</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-521-44039-4</bdi> – via Google Books.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFDavis1971" class="citation book cs1">Davis, A. R. (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/tufu0110davi/mode/2up">Tu Fu</a>. New York: Twayne. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1136195713">1136195713</a> – via Internet Archive.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFHawkes2016" class="citation book cs1">Hawkes, David (2016). A Little Primer of Tu Fu (revised ed.). New York Review Books. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-962-996-659-1</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFHsieh1994" class="citation journal cs1">Hsieh, David (December 1994). "Du Fu's "Gazing at the Mountain"". Chinese Literature: Essays, Articles, Reviews. 16: 1–18. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F495304">10.2307/495304</a>. <a href="JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/495304">495304</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFHung1952" class="citation book cs1">Hung, William (1952). Tu Fu: China's Greatest Poet. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/697773">697773</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFOwen1981" class="citation book cs1">Owen, Stephen (1981). The Great Age of Chinese Poetry: The High T'ang. New Haven: Yale University Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-300-02367-1</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFOwen1997" class="citation book cs1">Owen, Stephen, ed. (1997). An Anthology of Chinese Literature: Beginnings to 1911. New York: W.W. Norton & Company. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-393-97106-4</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFSuzukiKurokawa1966" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Suzuki, Torao; Kurokawa, Yoichi (1966). <bdi lang="ja">杜詩第八冊</bdi> [Poetry of Du Fu, Vol. 8] (in Japanese). Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFWatson1984" class="citation book cs1">Watson, Burton (1984). The Columbia Book of Chinese Poetry. New York: Columbia University Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-231-05683-0</bdi>.</cite></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>

<ul><li>Motsch, Monika. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.openedition.org/editionsmsh/1483">Slow Poison or Magic Carpet: The Du Fu Translations by Erwin Ritter von Zach</a>." (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131206173725/http://books.openedition.org/editionsmsh/1483">Archive</a>) In: Alleton, Vivianne and Michael Lackner (editors). <a href="De_l'un_au_multiple%3A_traductions_du_chinois_vers_les_langues_europ%C3%A9ennes_Translations_from_Chinese_into_European_Languages" class="mw-redirect" title="De l'un au multiple: traductions du chinois vers les langues européennes Translations from Chinese into European Languages">De l'un au multiple: traductions du chinois vers les langues européennes Translations from Chinese into European Languages</a>. Éditions de la maison des sciences de l'homme (Les Editions de la MSH, <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fondation_Maison_des_sciences_de_l%27homme" class="extiw external" title="fr:Fondation Maison des sciences de l'homme">FR</a>), 1999, <a href="Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>. p. 100–111. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>2-7351-0768-X</bdi>, 9782735107681.</li>

<li>McMullen, David L. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ihp.sinica.edu.tw/~asiamajor//pdf/2001b/09%20McMull.pdf">Recollection without Tranquility: Du Fu, the Imperial Gardens, and the State</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130921150201/http://www.ihp.sinica.edu.tw/~asiamajor/pdf/2001b/09%20McMull.pdf">Archived</a> 21 September 2013 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>." (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130921150201/http://www.ihp.sinica.edu.tw/~asiamajor/pdf/2001b/09%20McMull.pdf">Archive</a>) Asia Major (<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia_Major" class="extiw external" title="fr:Asia Major">FR</a>), vol. 14–2, 2001. p. 189–252.</li>

<li>Owen, Stephen [translator & editor], Warner, Ding Xiang [editor], Kroll, Paul [editor] (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515/9781501501890">The Poetry of Du Fu</a> <a href="Open_access" title="open access publication – free to read"></a>. De Gruyter Mouton. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-5015-0189-0</bdi></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Du_Fu" class="extiw external" title="q:Special:Search/Du Fu">Du Fu</a>.</div></div>

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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Du_Fu" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Du Fu">Du Fu</a>.</div></div>

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<ul><li> Works by or about <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Du_Fu" class="extiw external" title="s:Author:Du Fu">Du Fu</a> at <a href="Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040817214247/http://afpc.asso.fr/wengu/wg/wengu.php?l=Tangshi&no=-1&auteur=Du_Fu">Du Fu's poems</a> included in 300 Selected Tang poems, translated by <a href="Witter_Bynner" title="Witter Bynner">Witter Bynner</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.blackcatpoems.com/f/du_fu.html">Du Fu: Poems</a> A collection of Du Fu's poetry by multiple translators.</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://poemsintranslation.blogspot.com/search/label/Du%20Fu">Du Fu in English</a> at Poems Found in Translation</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chinese-poems.com/du.html">Du Fu's poems</a> organised roughly by date written; shows both simplified and traditional characters</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Fu%2C%20Du%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Du%20Fu%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Fu%2C%20Du%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Du%20Fu%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Fu%2C%20D%2E%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Du%20Fu%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Fu%2C%20Du%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Du%20Fu%22%29%20OR%20%28%22712-770%22%20AND%20Fu%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Du Fu</a> at the <a href="Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/3146">Works by Du Fu</a> at <a href="LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) </li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/authors/OL6845007A">Works by Du Fu</a> at <a href="Open_Library" title="Open Library">Open Library</a></li>

<li>Books of the <a href="Quan_Tangshi" class="mw-redirect" title="Quan Tangshi">Quan Tangshi</a> that include collected poems of Du Fu at the <a href="Chinese_Text_Project" title="Chinese Text Project">Chinese Text Project</a>:

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</style><div id="Tang_dynasty_topics175" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="History_(Timeline)175" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">History (<a href="Timeline_of_the_Tang_dynasty" title="Timeline of the Tang dynasty">Timeline</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Transition_from_Sui_to_Tang" title="Transition from Sui to Tang">Transition from Sui to Tang</a></li>

<li><a href="Xuanwu_Gate_Incident" title="Xuanwu Gate Incident">Xuanwu Gate Incident</a></li>

<li><a href="Tang_campaign_against_the_Eastern_Turks" title="Tang campaign against the Eastern Turks">Tang–Eastern Turks War</a></li>

<li><a href="Emperor_Taizong's_campaign_against_Xueyantuo" title="Emperor Taizong's campaign against Xueyantuo">Tang–Xueyantuo War</a></li>

<li><a href="Goguryeo%E2%80%93Tang_War" title="Goguryeo–Tang War">Goguryeo–Tang War</a></li>

<li><a href="Baekje%E2%80%93Tang_War" title="Baekje–Tang War">Baekje–Tang War</a></li>

<li><a href="Silla%E2%80%93Tang_War" title="Silla–Tang War">Silla–Tang War</a></li>

<li><a href="Tang%E2%80%93Tibet_relations" title="Tang–Tibet relations">Tang–Tibet relations</a></li>

<li><a href="Tang_campaigns_against_the_Western_Turks" title="Tang campaigns against the Western Turks">Tang–Western Turks War</a>

<ul><li><a href="Tang_campaign_against_the_oasis_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Tang campaign against the oasis states">Oasis states</a></li>

<li><a href="Tang_campaign_against_Karakhoja" title="Tang campaign against Karakhoja">Karakhoja</a></li>

<li><a href="Tang_campaigns_against_Karasahr" title="Tang campaigns against Karasahr">Karasahr</a></li>

<li><a href="Tang_campaign_against_Kucha" title="Tang campaign against Kucha">Kucha</a></li>

<li><a href="Conquest_of_the_Western_Turks" title="Conquest of the Western Turks">Conquest</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Aksu_(717)" title="Battle of Aksu (717)">Battle of Aksu</a></li>

<li><a href="Tianbao_War" title="Tianbao War">Tianbao War</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Talas" title="Battle of Talas">Battle of Talas</a></li>

<li><a href="An_Lushan_rebellion" title="An Lushan rebellion">An Lushan rebellion</a></li>

<li><a href="Peace_treaty_between_China_and_Tibet_(783)" title="Peace treaty between China and Tibet (783)">Qingshui Treaty</a></li>

<li><a href="Niu%E2%80%93Li_factional_strife" title="Niu–Li factional strife">Niu–Li factional strife</a></li>

<li><a href="Changqing_Treaty" title="Changqing Treaty">Changqing Treaty</a></li>

<li><a href="Sweet_Dew_incident" title="Sweet Dew incident">Sweet Dew incident</a></li>

<li><a href="Nanzhao#Territorial_expansion" title="Nanzhao">Tang-Nanzhao conflicts</a>

<ul><li><a href="Tang-Nanzhao_conflicts_in_Annan" class="mw-redirect" title="Tang-Nanzhao conflicts in Annan">Annan</a></li>

<li><a href="Siege_of_Songping" title="Siege of Songping">Songping</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Huang_Chao_Rebellion" title="Huang Chao Rebellion">Huang Chao Rebellion</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Emperor_of_China" title="Emperor of China">Emperor</a>

<li><a href="House_of_Li" title="House of Li">House</a></li>

<li><a href="Family_tree_of_Chinese_monarchs_(middle)" class="mw-redirect" title="Family tree of Chinese monarchs (middle)">Family tree</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Chancellor_of_the_Tang_dynasty" title="Chancellor of the Tang dynasty">Chancellor</a></li>

<li><a href="Administrative_divisions_of_the_Tang_dynasty" title="Administrative divisions of the Tang dynasty">Administrative divisions</a>

<ul><li><a href="Jimi_system" title="Jimi system">Jimi system</a></li>

<li><a href="Fanzhen" title="Fanzhen">Fanzhen</a>

<ul><li><a href="Three_Fanzhen_of_Hebei" title="Three Fanzhen of Hebei">Hebei</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Imperial_examination#Tang_dynasty_(618–907)" title="Imperial examination">Imperial examinations</a></li>

<li><a href="Tang_official_headwear" title="Tang official headwear">Official headwear</a></li>

<li><a href="Military_history_of_the_Tang_dynasty" title="Military history of the Tang dynasty">Military</a>

<ul><li><a href="Jiedushi" title="Jiedushi">Jiedushi</a></li>

<li><a href="Imperial_Guards_(Tang_dynasty)" title="Imperial Guards (Tang dynasty)">Imperial guards</a></li>

<li><a href="Shence_Army" title="Shence Army">Shence Army</a></li>

<li><a href="Bureau_of_Military_Affairs" title="Bureau of Military Affairs">Shumiyuan</a></li>

<li><a href="Turks_in_the_Tang_military" title="Turks in the Tang military">Turkic generals</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="Three_Departments_and_Six_Ministries#Three_Departments" title="Three Departments and Six Ministries">Three Departments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Department_of_State_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of State Affairs">Department of State Affairs</a></li>

<li><a href="Zhongshu_Sheng" title="Zhongshu Sheng">Secretariat</a></li>

<li><a href="Menxia_Sheng" title="Menxia Sheng">Chancellery</a></li>

<li>(<a href="Secretariat-Chancellery" title="Secretariat-Chancellery">Secretariat-Chancellery</a>)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="Three_Departments_and_Six_Ministries#Six_Ministries" title="Three Departments and Six Ministries">Six Ministries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ol><li><a href="Ministry_of_Personnel" title="Ministry of Personnel">Ministry of Personnel</a></li>

<li><a href="Ministry_of_Revenue_(imperial_China)" title="Ministry of Revenue (imperial China)">Ministry of Revenue</a></li>

<li><a href="Ministry_of_Rites" title="Ministry of Rites">Ministry of Rites</a></li>

<li><a href="Ministry_of_War_(imperial_China)" title="Ministry of War (imperial China)">Ministry of War</a></li>

<li><a href="Ministry_of_Justice_(imperial_China)" title="Ministry of Justice (imperial China)">Ministry of Justice</a></li>

<li><a href="Ministry_of_Works_(imperial_China)" title="Ministry of Works (imperial China)">Ministry of Works</a></li></ol>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Protectorates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Tang_dynasty_in_Inner_Asia" title="Tang dynasty in Inner Asia">Tang dynasty in Inner Asia</a>

<ul><li><a href="Protectorate_General_to_Pacify_the_West" title="Protectorate General to Pacify the West">Protectorate General to Pacify the West</a>

<ul><li><a href="Four_Garrisons_of_Anxi" title="Four Garrisons of Anxi">Four Garrisons of Anxi</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Beiting_Protectorate" title="Beiting Protectorate">Beiting Protectorate</a></li>

<li><a href="Protectorate_General_to_Pacify_the_North" title="Protectorate General to Pacify the North">Protectorate General to Pacify the North</a></li>

<li><a href="Protectorate_General_to_Pacify_the_South" class="mw-redirect" title="Protectorate General to Pacify the South">Protectorate General to Pacify the South</a></li>

<li><a href="Protectorate_General_to_Pacify_the_East" title="Protectorate General to Pacify the East">Protectorate General to Pacify the East</a>

<ul><li><a href="Ungjin_Commandery" title="Ungjin Commandery">Ungjin Commandery</a></li>

<li><a href="Gyerim_Territory_Area_Command" title="Gyerim Territory Area Command">Gyerim Territory Area Command</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Warlords</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Chengde_(Tang_dynasty)" title="Chengde (Tang dynasty)">Chengde</a></li>

<li><a href="Weibo_(Tang_dynasty)" title="Weibo (Tang dynasty)">Weibo</a></li>

<li><a href="Youzhou_Jiedushi" title="Youzhou Jiedushi">Youzhou</a></li>

<li><a href="Military_history_of_the_Tang_dynasty#Zhaoyi" title="Military history of the Tang dynasty">Zhaoyi</a></li>

<li><a href="Military_history_of_the_Tang_dynasty#Pinglu" title="Military history of the Tang dynasty">Pinglu</a></li>

<li><a href="Military_history_of_the_Tang_dynasty#Huaixi_(Zhangyi)" title="Military history of the Tang dynasty">Huaixi</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>

<li><a href="Sancai" title="Sancai">Sancai</a></li>

<li><a href="Tang_poetry" title="Tang poetry">Poetry</a>

<ul><li><a href="Three_Hundred_Tang_Poems" title="Three Hundred Tang Poems">Three Hundred Tang Poems</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Playing_card#China" title="Playing card">Playing card</a></li>

<li><a href="A_Palace_Concert" title="A Palace Concert">A Palace Concert</a></li>

<li><a href="Emperor_Taizong_Receiving_the_Tibetan_Envoy" title="Emperor Taizong Receiving the Tibetan Envoy">Emperor Taizong Receiving the Tibetan Envoy</a></li>

<li><a href="Huaisu's_Autobiography" title="Huaisu's Autobiography">Huaisu's Autobiography</a></li>

<li><a href="Night-Shining_White" title="Night-Shining White">Night-Shining White</a></li>

<li><a href="Companion_statues%3A_Kashyapa_and_Ananda" title="Companion statues: Kashyapa and Ananda">Kashyapa & Ananda</a></li>

<li><a href="Six_Steeds_of_Zhao_Mausoleum" title="Six Steeds of Zhao Mausoleum">Six Steeds of Zhao Mausoleum</a>

<ul><li><a href="Autumn_Dew" class="mw-redirect" title="Autumn Dew">Autumn Dew</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Dazu_Rock_Carvings" title="Dazu Rock Carvings">Dazu Rock Carvings</a></li>

<li><a href="Leshan_Giant_Buddha" title="Leshan Giant Buddha">Leshan Giant Buddha</a></li>

<li><a href="Rongxian_Giant_Buddha" title="Rongxian Giant Buddha">Rongxian Giant Buddha</a></li>

<li><a href="Thousand-Buddha_Cliff" title="Thousand-Buddha Cliff">Thousand-Buddha Cliff</a></li></ul>

</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Writers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Daoxuan" title="Daoxuan">Daoxuan</a> (596–667)

<ul><li><a href="Standard_Design_for_Buddhist_Temple_Construction" title="Standard Design for Buddhist Temple Construction">Standard Design for Buddhist Temple Construction</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Empress_Zhangsun" title="Empress Zhangsun">Empress Zhangsun</a> (601–636)</li>

<li><a href="Bianji" title="Bianji">Bianji</a> (7th c.)

<ul><li><a href="Great_Tang_Records_on_the_Western_Regions" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Tang Records on the Western Regions">Great Tang Records on the Western Regions</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Bai_Xingjian" title="Bai Xingjian">Bai Xingjian</a> (776–826)

<li><a href="Lu_Yu" title="Lu Yu">Lu Yu</a> (733–804)

<ul><li><a href="The_Classic_of_Tea" title="The Classic of Tea">The Classic of Tea</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Du_Guangting" title="Du Guangting">Du Guangting</a> (850–933)</li>

<li><a href="Yang_Yunsong" title="Yang Yunsong">Yang Yunsong</a> (9th c.)

<ul><li><a href="Green_Satchel_Classic" title="Green Satchel Classic">Green Satchel Classic</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="Three_Hundred_Tang_Poems#Poets" title="Three Hundred Tang Poems">Poets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Luo_Binwang" title="Luo Binwang">Luo Binwang</a> (619–684)</li>

<li><a href="Du_Shenyan" title="Du Shenyan">Du Shenyan</a> (645–708)</li>

<li><a href="He_Zhizhang" title="He Zhizhang">He Zhizhang</a> (659–744)</li>

<li><a href="Zhang_Jiuling" title="Zhang Jiuling">Zhang Jiuling</a> (673–740)</li>

<li><a href="Meng_Haoran" title="Meng Haoran">Meng Haoran</a> (689–740)</li>

<li><a href="Wang_Changling" title="Wang Changling">Wang Changling</a> (698–756)</li>

<li><a href="Liu_Zhangqing" title="Liu Zhangqing">Liu Zhangqing</a> (709–785)</li>

<li><a href="Zhang_Ji_(poet_from_Hubei)" title="Zhang Ji (poet from Hubei)">Zhang Ji</a> (712–779)</li>

<li><a href="Wei_Yingwu" title="Wei Yingwu">Wei Yingwu</a> (737–792)</li>

<li><a href="Liu_Zongyuan" title="Liu Zongyuan">Liu Zongyuan</a> (773–819)</li>

<li><a href="Niu_Yingzhen" title="Niu Yingzhen">Niu Yingzhen</a> (8th c.)</li>

<li><a href="Zhang_Xu" title="Zhang Xu">Zhang Xu</a> (8th c.)</li>

<li><a href="Wen_Tingyun" title="Wen Tingyun">Wen Tingyun</a> (812–866)</li>

<li><a href="Li_Shangyin" title="Li Shangyin">Li Shangyin</a> (813–858)</li>

<li><a href="Mo_Xuanqing" title="Mo Xuanqing">Mo Xuanqing</a> (834-?)</li>

<li><a href="Yu_Xuanji" title="Yu Xuanji">Yu Xuanji</a> (840–868)</li>

<li><a href="Du_Qiuniang" title="Du Qiuniang">Du Qiuniang</a> (9th c.)</li>

<li><a href="Li%C3%AAu_H%E1%BB%AFu_Ph%C6%B0%C6%A1ng" title="Liêu Hữu Phương">Liêu Hữu Phương</a> (9th c.)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="Tang_dynasty_painting" title="Tang dynasty painting">Painters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Yan_Liben" title="Yan Liben">Yan Liben</a> (600–673)</li>

<li><a href="Wu_Daozi" title="Wu Daozi">Wu Daozi</a> (680–760)</li>

<li><a href="Vi%C5%9Ba_%C4%AArasang%C3%A4" title="Viśa Īrasangä">Viśa Īrasangä</a> (7th c.)</li>

<li><a href="Zhang_Xuan" title="Zhang Xuan">Zhang Xuan</a> (713–755)</li>

<li><a href="Han_Huang" title="Han Huang">Han Huang</a> (723–787)</li>

<li><a href="Guanxiu" title="Guanxiu">Guanxiu</a> (832–912)</li>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Religion175" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Religion</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="Chinese_Buddhism#Tang_Dynasty_(618–907_CE)" title="Chinese Buddhism">Buddhism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Jizang" title="Jizang">Jizang</a> (549–623)</li>

<li><a href="Daochuo" title="Daochuo">Daochuo</a> (562–645)</li>

<li><a href="Shandao" title="Shandao">Shandao</a> (613–681)</li>

<li><a href="Xuanzang" title="Xuanzang">Xuanzang</a> (fl 602–664)</li>

<li><a href="Kuiji" title="Kuiji">Kuiji</a> (632–682)</li>

<li><a href="Yijing_(monk)" title="Yijing (monk)">Yijing</a> (635–713)</li>

<li><a href="Vajrabodhi" title="Vajrabodhi">Vajrabodhi</a> (671–741)</li>

<li><a href="Jianzhen" title="Jianzhen">Jianzhen</a> (688–763)</li>

<li><a href="Amoghavajra" title="Amoghavajra">Amoghavajra</a> (705–774)</li>

<li><a href="Mazu_Daoyi" title="Mazu Daoyi">Mazu Daoyi</a> (709–788)</li>

<li><a href="Baizhang_Huaihai" title="Baizhang Huaihai">Baizhang Huaihai</a> (720–814)</li>

<li><a href="Wukong_(monk)" title="Wukong (monk)">Wukong</a> (730–790)</li>

<li><a href="Yaoshan_Weiyan" title="Yaoshan Weiyan">Yaoshan Weiyan</a> (745–827)</li>

<li><a href="Huiguo" title="Huiguo">Huiguo</a> (746–805)</li>

<li><a href="Puhua" title="Puhua">Puhua</a> (770–860)</li>

<li><a href="Zhaozhou_Congshen" title="Zhaozhou Congshen">Zhaozhou Congshen</a> (778–897)</li>

<li><a href="Zhisheng" title="Zhisheng">Zhisheng</a> (8th c.)</li>

<li><a href="Dongshan_Liangjie" title="Dongshan Liangjie">Dongshan Liangjie</a> (807–869)</li>

<li><a href="Yunmen_Wenyan" title="Yunmen Wenyan">Yunmen Wenyan</a> (862–949)</li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="History_of_Taoism#Tang_Dynasty_(618–907)" title="History of Taoism">Taoism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Cheng_Xuanying" title="Cheng Xuanying">Cheng Xuanying</a> (fl 631–655)</li>

<li><a href="L%C3%BC_Dongbin" title="Lü Dongbin">Lü Dongbin</a> (796-?)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Neo-Confucianism" title="Neo-Confucianism">Neo-Confucianism</a>

<li><a href="Kong_Yingda" title="Kong Yingda">Kong Yingda</a> (574–648)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Church_of_the_East_in_China" title="Church of the East in China">Church of the East</a>

<ul><li><a href="Xi'an_Stele" title="Xi'an Stele">Xi'an Stele</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Islam_during_the_Tang_dynasty" title="Islam during the Tang dynasty">Islam during the Tang dynasty</a></li>

<li><a href="Chinese_Manichaeism" title="Chinese Manichaeism">Chinese Manichaeism</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Science_and_technology175" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Science_and_technology_of_the_Tang_dynasty" title="Science and technology of the Tang dynasty">Science and technology</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Wang_Xiaotong" title="Wang Xiaotong">Wang Xiaotong</a> (580–640)

<ul><li><a href="Jigu_Suanjing" title="Jigu Suanjing">Jigu Suanjing</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Xu_Jingzong" title="Xu Jingzong">Xu Jingzong</a> (592–672)</li>

<li><a href="Liang_Lingzan" title="Liang Lingzan">Liang Lingzan</a>

<ul><li>The Five-Planet and Twenty-eight Constellation Deities</li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Li_Chunfeng" title="Li Chunfeng">Li Chunfeng</a> (602–670)

<ul><li><a href="Ten_Computational_Canons" title="Ten Computational Canons">Ten Computational Canons</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Su Jing

<ul><li><a href="Xinxiu_bencao" title="Xinxiu bencao">Xinxiu bencao</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Sun_Simiao" title="Sun Simiao">Sun Simiao</a> (d. 682)</li>

<li><a href="Gautama_Siddha" title="Gautama Siddha">Gautama Siddha</a> (fl 714–724)

<ul><li><a href="Treatise_on_Astrology_of_the_Kaiyuan_Era" title="Treatise on Astrology of the Kaiyuan Era">Treatise on Astrology of the Kaiyuan Era</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Toothbrush" title="Toothbrush">Toothbrush</a></li>

<li><a href="Woodblock_printing" title="Woodblock printing">Woodblock printing</a></li></ul>

<li><a href="Kaiyuan_Tongbao" title="Kaiyuan Tongbao">Kaiyuan Tongbao</a></li>

<li><a href="Salt_Commission" title="Salt Commission">Salt Commission</a></li>

<li><a href="Flying_cash" title="Flying cash">Flying cash</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

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href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/21473175">2</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA01062375?l=en">CiNii</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/7a7163e0-53cc-4200-8c2b-f95f48ac3c45">MusicBrainz</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" 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